Curated pairs of commonly-confused concepts. Study the side-by-side rule comparison, then run a 5-question micro-drill to lock them in.
Two-step, carbocation intermediate. First-order kinetics: rate = k[RX]. Favoured by 3° substrates,…
Heat absorbed/released at constant pressure. Sign tells you if bonds were net made (exothermic, ΔH…
Dominates when the cation is LARGE/low-charge and the anion is SMALL/low-charge, so polarisation is…
Converts chemical energy to electrical energy via a SPONTANEOUS redox reaction. E°cell > 0 and ΔG°…
Steady decrease in atomic/ionic radii across the 4f series (La → Lu) because 4f electrons shield th…
Occurrence of one does NOT alter the probability of the other: P(A ∩ B) = P(A)·P(B), equivalently P…
A square matrix A with |A| = 0. It has NO inverse, its rows/columns are linearly dependent, and the…
Always gives a virtual, erect, diminished image. Focal length is taken positive (new Cartesian). Im…
Energy per unit charge the source can deliver when NO current flows. Measured by a potentiometer (n…
Superposition of waves from TWO (or few) coherent sources. Fringes are equally spaced with β = λD/d…
A photon is ABSORBED by a bound electron and the electron is ejected if hν ≥ φ₀. Max KE = hν − φ₀ d…
Flux linkage of a coil with its OWN current: Nφ = Li, so induced emf = −L·di/dt. For a long solenoi…
